使役动词(一)
You shouldn’t let him go.
英文和中文,哪里不一样?
- 中文通常只需要用到 “让” 或 “叫”,就可以表达需要指使别人做事的句子
- 英文的 “让” 或 “叫” 却必须根据不同程度的语气,分成 “make” “have” “let” 3种
语意分析:
使役动词通常有命令对方一定要做什么的意思,跟不定式有想要做什么的语意有所不同。
使役动词 “make” “have” “let” 后面会直接使用动词原形,让指使命令的语意更明确。
在
make,have,let后面,如果接的是代词,必须使用宾格(Object Pronoun)。这是因为这些代词在句子中承担的是宾语的角色。
make(让,叫):语气最强烈
有逼迫对方就范的意思时,通常会使用 make。
例句
她让 / 叫我穿上那件丑衣服。
=She makes me wear that ugly dress.(O)
用了 make 来逼迫对方穿上丑衣服,后面必须使用动词原形 wear,
目的是使 make 逼迫的语意更加明确。
have(让,赋予):赋予对方一个任务去完成
语意上倾向赋予对方一个任务去完成,语气上没有 make 那么强烈。
例句
我让 / 叫她打扫客厅。
=I have her clean the living room.(O)
使用动词原形 clean,目的是使 have(让 / 叫)带有命令的语意更加明确
=have her clean。
let(让):同意让对方做他想做的事
没有 make 和 have 那么强烈,
比较倾向是同意让对方做他想做的事,是 3 种使役动词中命令程度最弱的。
例句
我让他参加那个派对。
=I let him join the party.(O)
let 后面必须使用动词原形 join,目的是使 let 的允许语意更加明确
=let him join。
翻译
t1 (all correct)
是的,那个医生叫那位士兵吃下这个药,因为他已经咳得很严重。
- Yes, that doctor makes that soldier take this medicine because he has had a bad cough.
- has had 是 现在完成时 (Present Perfect)。它的公式是:have/has (助动词) + had (动词 have 的过去分词 $V_3$)。
- 之所以用这个时态,是因为“咳嗽”不是指发生的一瞬间,而是从过去某个时间点开始,一直持续到现在的情况。
has: 因为主语是he(单数第三人称),所以助动词用has。had: 这里的had意思是“患有(疾病)”或“经历”。- 对比: I have a cough. (我现在咳嗽。)
- 完成时: I have had a cough for three days. (我从三天前开始一直咳到现在。)
- Yes, that doctor makes that soldier take this medicine because he has had a bad cough.
我让她改变主意(change her mind)去参观(visit)埃菲尔铁塔(Eiffel Tower)。
- I make her change her mind to visit the Eiffel Tower.
- 不定式(to do)通常带有一种**“趋向性”或“未来感”**。
change her mind是此刻发生的。to visit是计划中要去做的。- 英语习惯用
to来连接这种“为了去执行某个未来动作”的逻辑。
- 不定式(to do)通常带有一种**“趋向性”或“未来感”**。
- I make her change her mind to visit the Eiffel Tower.
是的,我让她改变主意去参观埃菲尔铁塔,因为我答应(promise)她买一个名牌包(luxury bag)。
Yes, I make her change her mind to visit Eiffel Tower because I promise her to buy a luxury bag for her.
Yes, I make her change her mind to visit Eiffel Tower because I promise her to buy a luxury bag.
两句在语法上都说得通,但第二句更简洁、更地道:
...because I promise her to buy a luxury bag.理由: 既然前面已经说了
promise her(答应她),后面如果不加for her,大家也完全明白这个包是买给谁的。英语表达中,如果上下文已经明确了对象,通常会省略多余的成分。
t2 (all correct)
那个锁匠(locksmith)叫他的助手(assistant)拿(take)办公室(office)里的那个西瓜。
That locksmith has his assistant take that watermelon which is in the office.
优点:使用了
which引导的定语从句,逻辑非常严密。风格:略显正式或强调,读起来节奏较慢。
That lock smith has his assistant take the watermelon in the office.
- 优点:更加简洁、地道。在口语中,我们通常直接用介词短语
in the office来修饰前面的名词。
- 优点:更加简洁、地道。在口语中,我们通常直接用介词短语
t3
那个生气的导游让那个小偷离开,因为那个小偷的夹克(jacket)里有(there is)一把枪(gun)。
- That angry guide lets the thief leave because there is a gun in the thief’s jacket.
- That angry guide lets that thief leave because that thief jacket there is a gun.
- 句式杂糅:
because后面引导的是一个完整的句子。你把thief's jacket和there is a gun拼在了一起,导致逻辑断裂。- ❌ 错误写法:
because [名词] [there is ...] - ✅ 正确写法:
because there is a gun in the jacket.(因为夹克里有一把枪。)
- ❌ 错误写法:
- 句式杂糅:
我让那位住在庙(temple)里的孤儿(orphan)选择(choose)他最喜欢的(favorite)礼物(gift)。
- I let the orphan who lives in the temple choose his favorite gift.
- I let the orphan who lives in the temple to choose he favorite gift.
- 使役动词后误加
to:- ❌ 错误:
let ... to choose - ✅ 规则: 在
let,make,have之后,动作必须使用动词原形(不带 to 的不定式)。 - 修正: 应该是
let ... choose。
- ❌ 错误:
- 代词使用错误:
- ❌ 错误:
he favorite gift - ✅ 规则: 在名词
favorite gift前面,必须使用形容词性物主代词来表示“他的”。He(主格,他)His(物主代词,他的)
- ❌ 错误:
- 使役动词后误加
我让那位住在庙里的孤儿选择他最喜欢的礼物,因为今天是他的生日(birthday)。
- I let the orphan who lives in the temple choose his favorite gift because today is his birthday.
- I let the orphan who lives in the temple to choose he favorite gift because he is birthday today.
- "He is birthday" 的逻辑错误:
- ❌ 错误:
he is birthday(他是一个生日) - ✅ 规则: 在英语中,"生日"是一个日期或事件,而不是一个人的身份。
- 正确表达: *
Today is his birthday.(今天他的生日。)It is his birthday today.(今天是他的生日。)
- ❌ 错误:
- "He is birthday" 的逻辑错误:
tAll
那个工人(worker)叫(makes)她赶快(quickly)离开(leave)。
That worker makes her leave quickly.
That worker makes her quickly leave.
在使役动词结构
make someone do something中,副词的位置会影响句子的节奏:- That worker makes her leave quickly. (最自然,最地道 ✅)
- 语感: 这是最常见的放法。副词放在句末,修饰整个动作“离开”。它强调的是离开的方式——要快。
- That worker makes her quickly leave. (比较少见,带有强调 ✅)
- 语感: 把副词放在动词原形
leave之前。这种写法通常出现在文学作品或为了刻意强调“动作的紧迫性”。
- 语感: 把副词放在动词原形
💡 语法核心提醒: 无论
quickly放在哪里,你都准确地遵守了make的法则:后面接的是leave(原形),而不是to leave。- That worker makes her leave quickly. (最自然,最地道 ✅)
我希望(hope)你能给(give)那个失聪的犯人(the deaf prisoner)一个机会(chance),而且让他开始(start)新生活(new life)。
- I hope that you can give the deaf prisoner a chance,and let him start a new life.
- I hope that you can give the deaf prisoner a chance and let him to start new life. (err)
- 使役动词后误加
to(这是你最常遇到的挑战):- ❌ 错误:
let him to start - ✅ 规则:
let后接动作必须用动词原形。 - 修正:
let him start。
- ❌ 错误:
- 冠词缺失:
- ❌ 错误:
new life - ✅ 规则: "新生活" 在这里是可数名词的单数形式,前面需要加一个
a。 - 修正:
a new life。
- ❌ 错误:
- 使役动词后误加