Virus vs. Superbug--Fight
People typically associate virus with diseases, but some viruses are good.
They protect our health by killing the germs that make us sick.
Bacteriophages or Phages for short are the natural enemies of some of our worst enemies.
Bacteria.
Phages reproduce by injecting their DNA inside a baterial cell and reprograming its machinery to make more phages.
Once there are hundreds or even thousands of these daughter phages they burst out of the bacterial cell killing it and scurry off to find more pray.
But phages don't infect humans.
In fact, there are already millions of bacteriophages living on and inside our bodies.
They're on our skin, in our nasal passages and in our digestive tract.
In 1917, Canadian scientist Felix d'Herelle discovered bacteriophages could be used as medicine.
translation
sentence:
人们通常将病毒与疾病联系在一起，但有些病毒是有益的。
它们通过杀死让我们生病的细菌来保护我们的健康。
噬菌体是我们一些最大敌人的天敌。
细菌。
噬菌体通过将其DNA注入细菌细胞并重新编程以制造更多噬菌体来繁殖。
一旦有数百甚至数千个这样的子噬菌体，它们就会从细菌细胞中爆发出来，杀死细菌，然后匆忙去寻找更多的细菌。
但是噬菌体不会感染人类。
事实上，已经有数百万的噬菌体生活在我们的身体上和体内。
它们存在于我们的皮肤、鼻腔和消化道中。
1917年，加拿大科学家菲利克斯·德赫勒(Felix d'Herelle)发现噬菌体可以用作药物。
He traveled the world with vials of liquid phage cocktails treating cases of bubonic plague, cholera and diphtheria in the pre antibiotic era.
Once penicillin came along in the 1940's american pharmaceutical companies stopped making phages.
But doctors in the Soviet Union and Poland continued to use them for everything from ear infections to sinus infections to infected wounds.
Now that bacteria have started becoming resistant to antibiotics at alarming rates, pharmaceutical companies are giving phages a second look.
One advantage phages have over antibiotics is that they are highly specific and won't harm the good microbes in our bodies.
Recently, a clinical trial showed they work against antibiotic resistant ear infections.
Researchers are also using them to treat infected wounds in veterans and diabetics and to help stop the spread of antibiotic resistant infections.
Others are genetically engineering phages or using their bacterial killing components in new drugs.
In 2006 the FDA approved the use of phages as a food additive to kill bacteria like salmonella, listeria and e-coli in the food supply.
So if one day you read the word bacteriophage on a food label don't be alarmed.
What its really saying is the enemy of my enemy is my friend.
translation
sentence:
他带着小瓶的液体噬菌体周游世界，治疗前抗生素时代的黑死病、霍乱和肺炎。
青霉素在20世纪40年代出现后，美国制药公司就停止生产噬菌体了。
但苏联和波兰的医生们继续用它治疗各种疾病，从耳部感染到鼻窦感染再到伤口感染。
现在，细菌开始以惊人的速度对抗生素产生抗药性，制药公司开始重新审视噬菌体。
与抗生素相比，噬菌体的一个优势是它们具有高度特异性，不会伤害我们体内的有益微生物。
最近，一项临床试验表明，它们对抗生素耐药性耳部感染有效。
研究人员还使用它们来治疗退伍军人和糖尿病患者的感染伤口，并帮助阻止耐抗生素感染的蔓延。
另一些则是对噬菌体进行基因工程改造，或在新药中使用噬菌体的杀菌成分。
2006年，FDA批准使用噬菌体作为食品添加剂，以杀死食品供应中的沙门氏菌、李斯特菌和大肠杆菌等细菌。
因此，如果有一天你在食品标签上看到噬菌体这个词，不要惊慌。
它真正的意思是我敌人的敌人就是我的朋友。
words
[
{
"name": "virus",
"trans": [
"n. 病毒；病毒性疾病，病毒感染；（计算机）病毒，（手机的）短信病毒；有害影响，毒害；<古>毒液"
],
"usphone": "'ˈvaɪrəs'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "germ",
"trans": [
"n. 病菌，细菌；起源，萌芽；极少量；胚芽，胚胎"
],
"usphone": "'dʒɜːrm'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "bacteriophage",
"trans": [
"n. [病毒] 噬菌体；抗菌素"
],
"usphone": "'bækˈtɪrɪəˌfedʒ'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "phage",
"trans": [
"n. [病毒] 噬菌体"
],
"usphone": "'feɪdʒ'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "worst",
"trans": [
"adj. 最差的，最糟的，最严重的",
"adv. 最差地，最糟地，最严重地",
"n. 最坏的人（或事），最糟的情况",
"v. 打败，击败"
],
"usphone": "'wɜːrst'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "bacteria",
"trans": [
"n. 细菌（***ium的复数）"
],
"usphone": "'bækˈtɪriə'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "inject",
"trans": [
"v. 注射；（给……）添加，增加（某品质）；投入（金钱或资源）；（往物质、装置中）注入或射入（电流、粒子束等）；将（宇宙飞船等）射入轨道（或弹道）"
],
"usphone": "'ɪnˈdʒekt'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "reprogram",
"trans": [
"v. 为……重编程序"
],
"usphone": "'rɪˈproʊɡræm'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "machinery",
"trans": [
"n. 机器，机械（尤指大型机械）；体系，机制；运转部份，装置"
],
"usphone": "'məˈʃiːnəri'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "burst out of",
"trans": [
"突然冲出：突然迅速地从某个地方冲出来。"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "scurry",
"trans": [
"v. 急赶；碎步急跑",
"n. 匆忙；混乱；急跑；短距离赛跑（或赛马）"
],
"usphone": "'ˈskɜːri'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "scurry off",
"trans": [
"匆忙离开：快速地离开某个地方或场合，通常是因为害怕、不舒服或不想被注意到。"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "pray",
"trans": [
"v. 祈祷，祷告；渴望，祈望；祈求，恳求",
"adv. （用于询问或指示）请问，请"
],
"usphone": "'preɪ'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "nasal",
"trans": [
"adj. 鼻的；（嗓音，话语）带鼻音的；（语音）鼻音的",
"n. 鼻音；<史>（头盔上的）护鼻"
],
"usphone": "'ˈneɪz(ə)l'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "tract",
"trans": [
"n. （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文，传单，小册子；大片土地，地带；（身体的）道，束；<文>大量，许多；咏唱（原在罗马天主教某些忏悔或安魂弥撒时用以代替阿利路亚赞美诗所唱的《圣经》韵文圣歌）"
],
"usphone": "'trækt'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "Canadian",
"trans": [
"adj. 加拿大的；加拿大人的；加拿大文化的",
"n. 加拿大人；加拿大河（美国河流）"
],
"usphone": "'kəˈneɪdiən'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "vial",
"trans": [
"n. （装香水、药水等的）小瓶（同 phial）",
"vt. 装入小瓶",
"n. （Vial）（法，意）维亚尔（姓氏）"
],
"usphone": "'ˈvaɪəl'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "cocktail",
"trans": [
"n. 鸡尾酒；混合物；杂锦冷盘",
"adj. 鸡尾酒的",
"v. <美>喝鸡尾酒"
],
"usphone": "'ˈkɑːkteɪl'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "bubonic",
"trans": [
"adj. 腹股沟腺炎的"
],
"usphone": "'bjuːˈbɑːnɪk'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "cholera",
"trans": [
"n. [内科] 霍乱"
],
"usphone": "'ˈkɑːlərə'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "diphtheria",
"trans": [
"n. [内科] 白喉"
],
"usphone": "'dɪfˈθɪriəˌdɪpˈθɪriə'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "antibiotic",
"trans": [
"n. 抗生素，抗菌素",
"adj. （与）抗生素（有关）的，（与）抗菌素（有关）的"
],
"usphone": "'ˌæntibaɪˈɑːtɪk'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "era",
"trans": [
"n. 时代，年代，纪元"
],
"usphone": "'ˈɪrə'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "penicillin",
"trans": [
"n. 盘尼西林（青霉素）"
],
"usphone": "'ˌpenɪˈsɪlɪn'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "pharmaceutical",
"trans": [
"adj. 制药的",
"n. 药物；制药公司股票（*****）"
],
"usphone": "'ˌfɑːrməˈsuːtɪk(ə)l'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "Soviet Union",
"trans": [
"前苏联（1922-1991，首都莫斯科 Moscow, 位于欧、亚洲）"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "sinus",
"trans": [
"n. [生物] 窦；静脉窦；下陷或凹下去的地方"
],
"usphone": "'ˈsaɪnəs'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "wound",
"trans": [
"n. （刀、枪或其他武器所致的）创伤，伤口；（感情或名誉的）损害，痛苦",
"v. （武器或其他利器）伤害，使受伤；（在感情上）使受创伤",
"v. 蜿蜒；使喘不过气；缠绕（wind 的过去式和过去分词形式）"
],
"usphone": "'wuːnd'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "resistant",
"trans": [
"adj. 抵制的，反抗的；有抵抗力的，不受……损害的",
"n. 抵抗者"
],
"usphone": "'rɪˈzɪstənt'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "antibiotics",
"trans": [
"n. [药] 抗生素；抗生学"
],
"usphone": "'ˌæntibaɪˈɑːtɪks'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "alarming",
"trans": [
"adj. 令人担忧的，令人恐惧的",
"v. 使不安，使恐慌；给（门等）安装警报器（**** 的现在分词）"
],
"usphone": "'əˈlɑːrmɪŋ'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "second look",
"trans": [
"再看一眼：指对某人或某物进行再次审视，以便更好地理解或评估。"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "advantage",
"trans": [
"n. 有利条件，优势；优点；利益；（局末平分后）占先，优势分",
"v. 有利于，有助于"
],
"usphone": "'ədˈvæntɪdʒ'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "highly specific",
"trans": [
"非常具体：形容某个事物或概念非常具体、明确、精准，没有模糊或泛泛而谈的成分。"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "microbe",
"trans": [
"n. 细菌，微生物"
],
"usphone": "'ˈmaɪkroʊb'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "trial",
"trans": [
"n. 审判，审理；试验，试用；（对人的忍耐、自制力的）考验，磨练；烦人的事，惹麻烦的人；预赛，选拔赛；（检验车手技能的）摩托车障碍检验赛；（动物的）比赛，表演",
"v. 测试，试验；（马、狗等动物）参加比赛",
"adj. 试验性的"
],
"usphone": "'ˈtraɪəl'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "work against",
"trans": [
"对……不利；违背"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "antibiotic resistant",
"trans": [
"adj. 耐抗生素的"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "veteran",
"trans": [
"n. 老兵，退伍军人；经验丰富的人，老手",
"adj. 经验丰富的，老练的；<英>古老的"
],
"usphone": "'ˈvetərən'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "diabetic",
"trans": [
"adj. 糖尿病的，患糖尿病的",
"n. 糖尿病患者"
],
"usphone": "'ˌdaɪəˈbetɪk'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "spread",
"trans": [
"n. 传播；蔓延；扩展；散布",
"v. 传播；扩散；展开；散布",
"adj. 广大的；大幅的；(宝石)薄而无光泽的"
],
"usphone": "'spred'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "genetically",
"trans": [
"adv. 基因地，遗传地"
],
"usphone": "'dʒəˈnetɪkli'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "engineering",
"trans": [
"n. 工程，工程学；控制，引导，管理；筹划，出谋划策",
"v. 设计，建造；策划，精心安排（***** 的现在分词形式）"
],
"usphone": "'ˌendʒɪˈnɪrɪŋ'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "salmonella",
"trans": [
"n. 沙门氏菌"
],
"usphone": "'ˌsælməˈnelə'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "listeria",
"trans": [
"n. 李斯特菌属"
],
"usphone": "'lɪˈstɪriə'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "e-coli",
"trans": [
"abbr. 大肠杆菌"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "alarmed",
"trans": [
"adj. 担忧的，惊恐的；有警报装置的",
"v. 报警（**** 的过去式和过去分词）"
],
"usphone": "'əˈlɑːrmd'",
"ukphone": "''"
}
]