Genes vs. DNA vs. Chromosomes
You can think about DNA, genes and chromosomes as forming a kind of blueprint of life.
These are the plans that tell the body how to make things.
In this case proteins, which are the body's basic building blocks.
But, unlike a blueprint for a house where all the information is stored on a flat piece of paper, the blueprint of life has many levels of organization to it.
Let's start with DNA the most basic level.
A DNA molecule is made up of a sugar backbone and four flavors of a molecule called a nucleotide.
These nucleotides are arranged along the backbone in a unique order.
When your body needs a particular protein, it reads the sequence of nucleotides and uses it as a template to make that protein.
Moving up a level of organization, we have genes.
Genes are long snippets or chunks of DNA.
They're also the most basic units of inheritance.
translation
sentence:
我们可以把DNA，基因和染色体看做是组成生命的某种蓝图。
它们是指导着身体中各种物质合成的工厂。
而蛋白质就相当于砖瓦。
但是，与能在一张纸上就画出的房屋结构不同。生命的蓝图有很多种不同的层次。
那就让我们从最基本的层次---DNA说起。
DNA是由糖骨架跟其他四种我们称之为核苷酸的分子组成的。
这些核苷酸在糖骨架上按照独特的顺序排列。
当你的身体需要某种蛋白质的时候，相应的核苷酸序列就会被解读，当作模版来合成这种蛋白质。
向上一个层次，是基因。
基因是较长的DNA片段。
它们还是可遗传的最基本单元。
Traits are passed on from parents to children in the form of genes.
Genes include other information about building proteins.
For example, they tell the body how long a protein should be and how much to make and when to make it.
Genes also have directions about where DNA can be edited out to make proteins with different functions.
This is how the body makes an estimated one million proteins from only twenty thousand genes.
The next level up is the chromosome.
Humans have 46 of these, arranged in pairs.
Chromosomes are long strands of DNA wrapped around BEACH bobbin proteins called Histones.
Chromosomes contain many genes along with long stretches of DNA whose purpose we've yet to figure out.
In order to make a protein, DNA has to be unwound from its histones.
This is controlled by a process called acetylation and it's just another level of control the body has over the production of proteins.
So, as you can see, the blueprint for our bodies is quite well organized if only that was the case, for the rest of our lives.
translation
sentence:
生物的性状通过基因的形式由父母传给下一代。
同时，基因还包含了其他关于如何构建蛋白质的信息。
比如说，它规定了蛋白质的长度，要合成多少，以及什么时候合成。
我们还可以通过修改基因上的某些位点，造出各种不同功能的蛋白质。
这就是为什么身体能依靠仅两万个基因就造出约一百万种蛋白质的秘密所在。
再往上一个层次就是染色体了。
人类有四十六个染色体，两两成对。
染色体是长链的DNA，缠绕在称为组蛋白的BEACH线轴蛋白质周围。
至于为什么包含了很多基因的染色体上还要有一长段DNA。这至今还是一个谜。
要合成一个蛋白质，首先DNA要先从组蛋白上解下来。
这是通过一个叫做乙酰化的过程控制的，这只是身体对蛋白质生产的另一种控制。 因此，如你所见，我们身体的蓝图是相当有条理的。如果我们的身体蓝图一直保持这种状态，那么我们就可以在余生中保持健康和强壮。
words
[
{
"name": "gene",
"trans": [
"n. 基因，遗传因子"
],
"usphone": "'dʒiːn'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "chromosome",
"trans": [
"n. 染色体"
],
"usphone": "'ˈkroʊməsoʊm'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "blueprint",
"trans": [
"n. （建筑物、机器等的）蓝图，设计图；行动方案，规划；（生物细胞的）模型，（基因的）图谱",
"v. <美>起草（计划），设计（模型）"
],
"usphone": "'ˈbluːprɪnt'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "protein",
"trans": [
"n. 蛋白质，朊",
"adj. 蛋白质的"
],
"usphone": "'ˈproʊtiːn'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "backbone",
"trans": [
"n. 脊骨，脊柱；支柱，骨干；骨气，毅力；<美>书脊；（聚合分子的）主链；（计算机）主干网"
],
"usphone": "'ˈbækboʊn'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "nucleotide",
"trans": [
"n. （生化）核苷酸"
],
"usphone": "'ˈnuːkliətaɪd'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "along",
"trans": [
"prep. 沿着，顺着；靠着……边；在某处",
"adv. 向前；一起，一道；进行，进展；（前）来，到某处；到相当的程度；传播"
],
"usphone": "'əˈlɔːŋ'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "sequence",
"trans": [
"n. 顺序；次序；一系列；一连串",
"v. 按顺序排列；测定（整套基因或分子成分的）序列"
],
"usphone": "'ˈsikwəns'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "snippet",
"trans": [
"n. 小片；片断；不知天高地厚的年轻人"
],
"usphone": "'ˈsnɪpɪt'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "chunk",
"trans": [
"n. 大块，厚块；大量，大部分；话语组成部分，组块；矮胖的（男）人",
"v. 将……分成数份；将……组合（或归类）；扔，抛；发出“砰啷”声；切分，切割（数据）"
],
"usphone": "'tʃʌŋk'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "inheritance",
"trans": [
"n. 继承物，遗产；遗传特征"
],
"usphone": "'ɪnˈherɪtəns'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "passed on",
"trans": [
"传递；通过；",
"去世：用作一种礼貌的说法，避免直接使用“die”这个词。"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "direction",
"trans": [
"n. 方向，方位；趋势，动向；指示，说明；目标；方面；管理，指导；导演"
],
"usphone": "'dəˈrekʃn'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "pair",
"trans": [
"n. 对；一对；一双；分两个相连接部分的物体",
"v. 配对；交配；使成对；配对（以繁殖）"
],
"usphone": "'per'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "strand",
"trans": [
"n. （绳、线、毛发等的）股，缕；串；（故事、观点、计划等的）部分；（海洋、湖或河的）岸，滨",
"v. 使滞留，使困在（某处）；使（船，船员，海洋生物）搁浅；使（跑垒员）残留垒上"
],
"usphone": "'strænd'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "wrap",
"trans": [
"v. 包；用…包裹（或包扎、覆盖等）；用…缠绕（或围紧）；（使文字）换行",
"n. 围巾；包裹（或包装）材料；停机"
],
"usphone": "'ræp'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "wrapped around",
"trans": [
"缠绕在……周围：指某物或某人被缠绕在另一物体或人身上。"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "bobbin",
"trans": [
"n. 线轴；绕线筒"
],
"usphone": "'ˈbɑːbɪn'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "histone",
"trans": [
"n. [生化] 组蛋白"
],
"usphone": "'ˈhɪstoʊn'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "along with",
"trans": [
"除了某物或某人之外",
"与某物或某人一起"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "stretch",
"trans": [
"v. 伸展；延伸；伸出；舒展",
"n. 伸展；弹性；舒展；一片",
"adj. 有弹力的"
],
"usphone": "'stretʃ'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "yet",
"trans": [
"adv. 仍然，还；现在，此刻；迄今为止，到目前为止；还需，还差；终归，迟早；又，甚至（强调增加或重复）；然而，尽管",
"conj. 然而，但是"
],
"usphone": "'jet'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "yet to",
"trans": [
"尚有待于；表示还没有"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "figure out",
"trans": [
"理解，解决，算出"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "unwind",
"trans": [
"v. 放松，松弛；解开，展开"
],
"usphone": "'ˌʌnˈwaɪnd'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "acetylation",
"trans": [
"n. 乙酰化作用"
],
"usphone": "'əsetɪˈleɪʃən'",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "for the rest",
"trans": [
"就其余部分而言"
],
"usphone": "''",
"ukphone": "''"
},
{
"name": "rest",
"trans": [
"v. 休息；长眠；放松；托",
"n. 其他；其余；剩余部分；休止"
],
"usphone": "'rest'",
"ukphone": "''"
}
]